Glossary

Literally, “standing.” A central prayer of the worship service, often recited privately. A chain of blessings in which the first three and final three are always the same, and the intermediate blessings change based on the day (i.e., Shabbat, weekday, holidays). Also called the Sh’moneh Esreih (literally, “eighteen”) and HaT’fila (literally, “the Prayer”). 

The state of mourning between death and burial

The colloquial language spoken by the Jews during the time of the Talmud.

Literally, “four species.” The Torah specifies four species to bring together on Sukkot. The four species are: lulav (branches of palm trees), etrog (citron), hadasim (myrtle branches), and aravot (willows) (Leviticus 23:40).

Uncircumcised.

Literally, “the holy ark,” often called “the ark.” cabinet in which Torah scrolls are kept in the synagogue’s sanctuary. In most synagogues in North America, the Aron HaKodesh is on the eastern wall so that when worshippers face the ark, they face toward Jerusalem.

Literally, “who makes us holy through commandments.” This prayer formula is included in any Jewish blessing that involves fulfillment of a commandment, such as lighting Shabbat candles.

Lit. "Germany"; includes Jews of European origin.

Calling up of the wedding couple to recite the Torah blessings on the Shabbat preceding the wedding.